Infant Swings 16 CFR 1223 & ASTM F2088 Testing

Infant swings are widely used soothing products for babies and have long been in strong demand in the U.S. market. However, due to their specific user group (infants 0–9 months), the safety risks are extremely high. For this reason, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) has established 16 CFR 1223 – Safety Standard for Infant Swings, which directly incorporates ASTM F2088 – Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Infant Swings. These two standards form the core compliance requirements for infant swings in the U.S. market.

In recent years, CPSC recalls of infant swings have become frequent. In particULar, one infant swing model was recalled with more than 2.11 million unitsafter 5 infant deaths, once again drawing strong industry attention to the enforcement of 16 CFR 1223 & ASTM F2088. This article provides a detailed interpretation of the regulations and compliance recommendations for manufacturers.

CPSC Recall Case – Infant Swings

1. Recall Date:October 10, 2024

2. Units Involved:

①　U.S.: approx. 2.11 million

②　Canada: approx. 90,000

③　Mexico: approx. 500

3. Reason:

When misused as a sleeping device, if the infant was not secuRED with the restraint system or if pillows/blankets were added, there was a risk of airway obstruction and suffocation.

4. Incident Reports:

From 2012–2022, 5 infant deaths (ages 1–3 months) were reported.

Sales Channels:Amazon, Walmart, Target, Toys R Us, and other retailers.

Definition of Infant Swings (ASTM F2088)

ASTM F2088 categorizes infant swings as follows:

①　Cradle Swing:For infants lying flat, until they can roll over (approx. 5 months).

②　Infant Swing:For infants in a sitting position, until they can climb out (approx. 9 months).

③　Combination Swing:Can be used in both reclining and sitting positions.

④　Travel Swing:Portable, low-profile swing with a seat-to-floor height ≤ 6 inches.

Key Requirements of 16 CFR 1223 & ASTM F2088

(1) General Safety Requirements

①　No sharp edges, pinch points, or splinters.

②　Openings and gaps must prevent finger or limb entrapment.

③　Attached toys must comply with Toy Safety Standards.

④　No hazardous substances (e.g., lead content ≤ 100 ppm).

(2) Performance Requirements

①　Structural Integrity:Must pass stability and durability testing.

②　Electrical Safety:Motorized swings must comply with electrical standards.

③　Anti-Folding:Must not collaPSE during use.

④　Stability Testing:Must resist tipping sideways or backward.

⑤　Restraint System:Must include an effective harness with a crotch strap.

⑥　Seat Angle:Limited reclining angles to avoid creating unsafe sleep environments.

(3) Labeling & Instructions

①　Permanent tracking labelsrequired to facilitate recalls.

②　Clear warnings such as “Not intended for sleep.”

③　User instructions must highlight proper use of the restraint system.

(4) Additional General Requirements for Children’s Products

①　Small Parts Ban:Applies to products for children under 3 years.

②　Third-Party Testing:Required through CPSC-accepted laboratories.

③　CPC Certificate:Importers/manufacturers must issue a Children’s Product Certificate (CPC).

The safety risks of infant swings cannot be ignored. 16 CFR 1223and ASTM F2088establish strict safety thresholds covering design, performance, labeling, and certification. Manufacturers must ensure full compliance at every stage—product design, material selection, and regulatory testing.

JJR Laboratory in China provides compliance testing services for Infant Swings according to 16 CFR 1223 & ASTM F2088.